Depression And Signs Of Depression
Mental Health Tips By Taslima Eva Pharmacist What Is Depression
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This mental health tips is all about guideline depression and signs ofdepression will help to prepare for depression and signs of depression patients
Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest towards almost everything. It affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems where you may have trouble doing normal day-to-day activities, and sometimes you may feel as if life isn't worth living. In this blog I will write about the biological basis and treatment of depression If you feel depressed don't get discouraged because Most people with depression feel better with medication,psychotherapy or both.
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Signs Of Depression:-
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1.Apathy
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2.Low self esteem
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3.Insomnia
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4.Personal neglect
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5.Loss of appetite
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6.Loss of libido
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7.Pessimism
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8.Lack of motivation Types Of Depression :- Exogenous depression: associated with life crisis events
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Endogenousdepression: not associated with any trigger Depressive syndrome: unipolar and bipolar affective disorder
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Condition That Can Get Worse Due To Depression Include:- 1.Arthritis
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2.Asthma
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3.Cardiovascular disease
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4.Cancer
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5.Diabetes
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6.Obesity
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Biological Basis of Depression:-
Depression is the result of a group of imbalance happening in your brain . The major reasons are
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1.Imbalance of neurotransmitters(serotonin, norepinephrine,dopamine)
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2.Neuroplasticity 3.Endocrinology
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4.Genetics
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5.Psychoneuroimmunology All of this 5 reason will be discussed in my next post
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Types Of Depression and Triggers Of Depression: (Mental Health Tips)
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1.Exogenous Depression: associated with life crisis events. Exogenous (or reactive) depression is triggered by an outside stressor such as the loss of a loved one, getting divorced, or losing your job. People who experience or witness a traumatic event may develop depression as a direct result of that exposure.
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2.Endogenous Depression:
This is not associated with any trigger. People with endogenous depression often feel that their symptoms occur “for no reason”—at least in the sense that there is no apparent external cause. Instead, the cause is thought tobe biochemical and/or genetic for instance, a person with a family history of mental illness may be more likely to develop depression
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3.Depressive Syndrome: unipolar and bipolar affective disorder.
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Unipolar And Bipolar Affective Disorder:
a.Unipolar disorder : Mood Changes in same direction. In very serious cases it interferes with daily life,Reading, Sleeping (Overall life is not enjoyable) Feeling of intense sadness & despair(Loss of Hope) Mental slowing & Loss of conc. Pessimistic worry (always expect bad thingsq to happen) Lack of pleasure,Self- Depreciation, Variable agitation & hostilitycan be seen
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4.Bipolar disorder: also known as manic depression, is a mental illnessthat causes severe high and low moods and changes in sleep, energy, thinking, and behavior. People who have bipolar disorder can have periods in which they feel excessively happy and energized and other periods of feeling very sad, hopeless, and sluggish
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Diagnosis Of Depression (insomnia, suicidality, Intense pressure,libido and more): A. 5 of 9 symptoms are observed during the period of depression.
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Depressed mood
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Intense pressure
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Weight loss/ gain
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Inability to sleep or over-sleeping
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Psychomotor agitation or impairment
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Fatigue
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Loss of concentration
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Feeling of worthlessness or guilty
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Thoughts of death or suicidality ( Thoughts: With plan or without plan; Attempts).
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Significant distress to daily life. Suicide from depression is 25-30% of depressed population. Depression 2-3 X higher in women. So this problem should be taken into consideration seriousl
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Main Causes of Depression (Abuse, Age, Medications, Genes and more): ·Abuse:
Physical, sexual, or emotional abuse can make a person more vulnerable to depression later in life. ·Age:People who are elderly are at higher risk of depression. But it varies from person to person. some of the recent data have shown that generally people from 25-35 are more prone to depression now a days. · Certain medications: Some drugs, such as isotretinoin (used to treat acne), the antiviral drug interferon-alpha. Other drugs that could cause depression are corticosteroids, opioids (morphine,codaine ),benzodiazepine, barbiturates etc · Death or a loss: Sometimes sadness or grief after the death or loss of a loved one, though natural, can increase the risk of depression.but this ctype pf depression is generally transient which could be treated without medication. · Gender: Women are about twice as likely as men to become depressedwhich may be because of the hormonal changes that women go through at different times of their lives. · Genes: A family history of depression may increase the risk. There are probably many different genes that each exert small effects, rather than a single gene that contributes to disease risk. Other personal problems. Problems such as social isolation due to other mental illnesses or being cast out of a family or social group can contribute to the risk of developing clinical depression. Main Causes of Depression ( Serious Illness, Substance Misuse ,Biochemicals and more) Serious illnesses. Sometimes, depression happens along with a major illness or may be triggered by another medical condition. · Substance misuse. Nearly 30% of people with substance misuse problems also have major or clinical depression. Even if drugs or alcohol temporarily make a person feel better, they ultimately will aggravate depression afterward. Biochemical:Too little or too much of a brain chemical affecting mood and sleep.Cause due to the irregular or inappropriate regulation brain chemicals Environmental: Significant loss, difficult relationships, financial problems,drugs, or a major change in a life pattern. Psychosocial: Persons with certain traits. · Major events: Both good and bad events could cause depression.Such as being in love,moving, losing a job or income, getting divorced, or retiring. However, the syndrome of clinical depression is never just a "normal" response to stressful life events. · Conflict: Depression in someone who has the biological vulnerability to it may result from personal conflicts or disputes with family members or friends. It varies from person to person. Biological Basis of Depression:- (Neurotransmitters,Neuroplasticity,Endocrinology, Genetics and more) Depression is the result of a group of imbalance happening in your brain . The major reasons are 1.Imbalance of neurotransmitters(serotonin, norepinephrine,dopamine) 2.Neuroplasticity 3.Endocrinology 4. Genetics 5.Psychoneuroimmunology 1 Biological Basis of Depression (Imbalance Of Neurotransmitters) The amount of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are associated with depression. It is not easy to actually measure the level of neurotransmitters in a person's brain and their activit 1.1.Neurotransmitter Serotonin And Depression : The neurotransmitter serotonin is associated with controlling many important bodily functions, including sleep, aggression, eating, sexual behavior, and mood and Serotonin is produced by serotonergic neurons. A lot of Current research suggests that a decrease in the production of serotonin by these neurons can cause depression in some people or make a mood state that can cause some people to feel suicidal. 1.2.Neurotransmitter DopamineAnd Depression: The neurotransmitter dopamine is also linked to depression because it plays an important role in controlling our drive to seek out rewards. It also controls our ability to obtain a sense of pleasure. As a result low dopamine levels may, in part, explain why people with depression don't get the same sense of pleasure out of activities . 1.3.Neurotransmitter Norepinephrine And Depression: In the 1960s, the "catecholamine hypothesis" was a introduced for explaining why people developed depression. In this hypothesis it is described that a deficiency of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) in certain areas of the brain was responsible for creating depressed mood. More recent research of a group of people with depression suggested that they have low levels of norepinephrine. Again in some autopsy studies it is prominent that people who have experienced multiple depressive episodes have fewer norepinephrinergic neurons than people who have no depressive history. Some recent studies suggested that in some people, low levels of serotonin triggers a drop in norepinephrine levels, which as a result leads to depression.Norepinephrine enables our bodies to recognize and respond to stressful situations. Recent studies suggested that people who are vulnerable to depression may have a norepinephrinergic system that doesn't handle the effects of stress fully
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Biological Basis of Depression (Neuroplasticity):
Our brains are constantly remodeling themselves over the course of our lives as a result of our interactions, behaviors, genes, and other factors. The brain has a remarkable ability to detect and react to its surroundings. The tendency of our brain to reorganize itself by creating new neural connections during the span of its life is referred to as "neuroplasticity." These connections permit the occurrence of learning and memory to happen. Neurons, for example, can change their responsiveness by physically growing new synapses (spaces between neurons) and strengthening existing ones. This happens as a result of the types of stimuli they receive. Furthermore, neurons may be "reprogrammed" in response to a variety of conditions. For example, after a stroke, axons (extensions of neuron cell bodies that project from one location to another) from one area of the brain can be rerouted to allow functioning in a damaged part of the brain. One of the key aspects of neuroplasticity is monitoring the activities of neurotransmitters. Specific receptors assist neurons in sensing their surroundings and enabling genes. This results in the production of neurotransmitters and the activation or deactivation of their receptors. For example, if a person has just been through a stressful situation, the brain detects the increase in stress and may turn down the genes that produce neurotransmitter receptors. With less availability of receptors, there is less pace or sensitivity in the inheritance of messages sent across spaces. If the downgraded or upgraded receptors are also involved in mood control, this will have an effect on mood. Exercise and physical activity in general have a significant impact on neurotransmitters, which stimulate brain cell growth and recovery. This is why exercise has been linked to the relief of depression. Long-term stress, on the other hand, appears to reduce cell growth in these areas. Based on this evidence, we can conclude that a decrease in the number of neurons in the brain's emotional centers can result in slower reactivity and depressive symptoms. Neurotransmitter traffic and neuroplastic activity in the brain and nervous system are continuous and complicated. Researchers are still working to identify definite causes of depression, develop diagnostic tests, and improve treatments based on these key brain systems
3.Biological Basis of Depression (Endocrinology,Hypothalamus ,Ovaries,Testes, Adrenal gland associated with depression) Neurotransmitters are not the only important chemical messengers in the body but also there are hormones as chemical messengers which produced in the endocrine system. Generally hormones circulate from one organ to another through the bloodstream. Receiving the signals,organs in the body interpret hormonal signals and respond to their messages. The endocrine and nervous systems are linked by the hypothalamus which is a centrally located 'switching station' within the brain. The hypothalamus is an exceptionally complex brain region that controls many different body functions such as blood pressure, appetite, immune responses, body temperature, maternal behavior, and body rhythms dealing with circadian and seasonal rhythms. hypothalamus is also responsible for releasing stress hormone generally when The
the brain identifies a potential threat. In that specific time it produces a variety of hormones that help a person react to the situation. Recent studies show that people with depression increased levels of stress hormones have. Similarly other endocrine organs such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes is also associated with depression, The ovaries, which produce estrogen, are thought to be one of the main reasons why women run a higher risk of developing depression than men. Decreased levels of estrogen can alter the activity of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which can then lead to depression. testes, thyroid gland have been linked to depression. In recent studies it is found that depression is frequently associated with low levels of thyroid hormone (known as hypothyroidism) where mood elevation is often associated with high levels of thyroid hormone (known as hyperthyroidism). Adrenal gland is also linked with depression . Recent studies have found that the main hormone of the adrenal glands, cortisol, is higher in depressed individuals . Testosterone, a hormone produced by the testes in males, may also be linked to depression. Generally after the age of 50 decrease in testosterone is seen this is why men of this age are more likely to be depressed though it is not well documented. Biological Basis of Depression(Circadian And Seasonal Rhythm Associated With Depression)Circadian Rhythm : It refers to the approximately 24-hour cycle of the body which is determined by the amount of light that the hypothalamus in the brain senses in a day-night cycle. Both brain wave activity and hormone production are associated to this cycle. If the circadian rhythm is disturbed, mood disturbances can also happen. Seasonal Rhythms Similar to circadian rhythms, seasonal rhythms are associated with the amount of daylight within a given season which can also impact mood. Individual people with major depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern begin to feel increasingly depressed as the amount of light disappears in the winter where these individuals experience a lift in mood as springtime (and more light) approaches and during other times of the year, people with this seasonal pattern experience "normal" mental health. Biological Basis of Depression (Genetics and family history):-Doctors have known for a long time that depression runs in families. Many people who suffer from depression can identify other family members who are suffering from the same or a similar illness. Twins were used in early studies on the genetics of depression. Identical twins share all of their genes, whereas fraternal twins (and non-twin siblings) only share half of their genetic material. Researchers from all over the world identified that when one identical twin is depressed, the other twin is depressed 76% of the time. In fraternal pairs, the twin of a depressed person experiences depression only 19% of the time. Twin studies examining twins raised in different homes have added to the evidence for a genetic link, rather than just environmental causes of depression. In cases with identical twins raised in separate homes, when one twin develops depression, the other twin develops the same disorder 67% of the time. Is there such a thing as a "depression gene"? Some diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease, are caused by a single faulty gene. However, many diseases, such as depression, diabetes, and high blood pressure, are influenced by multiple genes rather than being caused by a single gene. There are combinations of genetic changes that cause illness in these conditions. At the moment, it is unknown how many genes play a role in depression. It is extremely unlikely that any single gene causes depression in a large number of people. Scans of people with depression's genomes (whole genetic codes) confirmed a link to major depressive disorder on chromosome 15 and some suspected linkage on chromosomes 8 and 17. More study is needed to find what this means and how to apply this knowledge to diagnosis and treatment. It is also important to remember that one's environment and life experiences do have an influence on major depressive disorder. It is difficult to blame purely genetic features.At the moment, we can likely believe that a specific set of genes makes some people more susceptible to major depressive disorder when they are exposed to certain environmental stressors Treatment Of Depression (How To Overcome Depression Without Medication) You can treat depression by medication or by counseling. First we will write how to treat depression without medication:Many people struggling with depression today are oblivious about starting antidepressant medications and are interested in how to treat depression without medication. If the depressive episode is mild or has not been present for very long, counseling is something to try. Many therapists now reserve the recommendation of antidepressants for depression that is severe or unresponsive to talk therapy. As the antidepressant drug has some unpleasant side effects such as anxiety, dizziness, constipation, insomnia, fatigue, nausea, and loss of sexual desire. These side effects have the potential to affect patients' quality of life and should be weighed carefully against the benefits of using antidepressant medications. Treat Depression With The Help Of Therapist Sometimes therapists recommend medication in combination with talk therapy at the start of treatment to help get symptoms under control with the intent of trying to wean off of the medication after things seem to have stabilized but normal a lot of patient feel nervous about the idea of talking to a therapist for the first time. Talk therapy is considered an important part of most every major depressive disorder treatment plan and is a way of treating depression naturally without side effects and optimizing the effectiveness of antidepressant medication. There are also some therapies available which is mentioned below: 1.Talk therapy 2.Interpersonal Therapy 3.Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 4.Problem-Solving Therapy Effective Way to treat depression and anxiety without medication: ? Despite of the effectiveness ,the antidepressant medications have harmful effects. To remove depression the first step is to help yourself by avoiding bad thoughts . Here are some common things that counselors suggest for avoiding depression all by your own. 1.Get in a routine and Set a goal 2.Try To Have Physical Exercise (yoga) 3.Get Enough Sleep (avoid caffeine) 4.Do Something New And Exciting 5.Cut Back on depressant ( Alcohol ) 6.Get More Vitamins (B & D) 7.Tap Your Spirituality By Meditation 8.Eat 'Good Mood' Food- (Fish , nuts and probiotics like yogurt,) 9.Reframe Your Thoughts and avoid bad thoughts 10.Tend to Your Social Life and avoid to be alone
Famous Antidepressant Medications Name And Their Side Effects 😕
Famous Antidepressant Medications Name And Their Side Effects Antidepressant Drugs Drugs used for treating mental disorders accompanied by depression are called antidepressants. In other words, antidepressants are capable of removing or alleviating a number of disorders in the psycho-emotional realm referred to as “depressive syndrome” in psycho-neurological practice. Available Antidepressants
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Tricyclics (TCA) (Prototype drugs)
2) Dual Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRIs) Venlafaxine, Desvenlafaxine, Duloxetine, Milanicipran and Levomilanicipran 3) Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) (Newer) Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Sertraline, Paroxetine, Citalopram and Escitalopram 4) Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) Hydrazine derivatives (Phenelzine, Isocarboxazid) and Non-Hydrazines (Tranylcypramine, and Moclobemide, Selegiline) 5) Tetracyclics/ Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor (NDRI)/ Atypical Antidepressants. Bupropion, Nefazodone, Vilazodone, Mirtazapine, Trazodone and Vortioxetine 6) Serotonin-2 (5HT-2) Antagonists and Reuptake Inhibitors (SARIs) Nefazodone, Trazodone and Vortioxetine (Newer)
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Side Effect Of Antidepressant (Tachycardia,Sedation,Seizure,Weight gain and more) No drug is free from side effect. This anti depressant shows lots of side effects and they are given below )
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Anti-Muscarinic (due to the blockade of Muscarinic receptor) - Tachycardia, dry mouth, urine retention, constipation, blurred vision
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Antihistamine (Block central H1 receptors) - sedation
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Antiadrenergic (block α2 adrenergic receptors) - postural hypotension, Reflex tachycardia, Ejaculatory failure)
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Pre-synaptic α2 adrenergic receptors blocking property -Tachycardia, Tremor
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Central H-1 blocking property - Sedation
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Neurologic -Seizures
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Psychiatric -Aggravation of Psychosis
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Metabolic and Endocrine -Withdrawal syndrome, Sexual disturbances, Weight gain